Abdel Gadir Salim:

Born in Dilling, in the Nuba Mountains, Abdel Gadir Salim is a venerated master of northern Sudanese music. A singer, composer and oud player, he studied European and Arabic music at the Institute of Music and Drama in Khartoum and later became a primary school headmaster in Chad. His concerts and albums have made him one of the most familiar Sudanese singers for Western listeners, and he currently divides his time between producing music and teaching.

After his studies, he shifted from composing ‘Khartoum city songs’ to folk songs, and had a hit with ‘Umri Ma Bansa’ (‘I’ll Never Forget You’), which is still part of his set. He was, and still is inspired by the music of his native Kordofan – a desert region to the west of Sudan, where most of the people are nomadic cattle herders – an area with its own unique rhythms and beautiful songs with which he has flavoured his own music. Salim and his band build Sudanese folk rhythms into sweeping orchestral pieces and Salim’s favourite rhythm is ‘merdoum’, the distinctive 6/8 beat from western Sudan. He adds lyrics of his own, fires up the tempo and arranges songs for violins, oud, bass, saxophone and keyboard, with congas, bongos and tablas providing the beat. The result is a captivating musical fusion, which has made Salim hugely popular.

His rich, powerful voice and dynamic arrangements make music that is less fussy and more hard-driving than many of his urban counterparts. His music bridges the Arabic and African traditions of Sudan and he is well known for the songs ‘Jamil Al Sourah’ (‘The Beautiful Face’), ‘Ghaba Nawmi’ (‘I Lost The Sleep’) and ‘Maktoul Kawak’ (‘Attached By Your Love’).

A Moslem musician from the north of war-torn and bullet-scarred Sudan, Abdel Gadir Salim has been affected directly by the violence of the country’s bloody twenty-one year civil war. The size of Western Europe, and Africa’s largest country, Sudan has suffered from a religious, ethnic and cultural friction between the Moslem north and the predominantly Christian south. Salim was stabbed repeatedly in a music club in Khartoum by a fundamentalist campaigning against music. This ‘fundamentalist’ stance – that music is linked with illicit sex and drinking, and dancing associated with immorality – is challenged daily by ordinary Sudanese of all shades.

Abdel Gadir Salim’s new collaboration with Emmanuel Jal, a Christian rapper from the south of Sudan, is a symbolic album reflecting their hope in the fragile Sudanese peace treaty of 2005. Both musicians are committed to, and enthusiastic about, the new material written for Ceasefire.

Discography

Ceasefire (2005) – Riverboat Records/World Music Network
Le Blues De Khartoum (1999) – Institut du Monde Arabe
Merdoum Kings Play Songs Of Love (1992) – World Circuit

Emmanuel Jal:

Recruitment Into The SPLA

Emmanuel Jal was born in the village of Tong (also known as Tony) in southern Sudan. Although he does not know when he was born, for practical reasons he has estimated his date of birth as 1 January 1980 (he could be anywhere in between 23 and 27 years old), and the following information takes that date as a marker.

Emmanuel’s mother died when he was 7 years old and his father was a soldier in the rebel Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA – also known as the SPLM or Sudan People’s Liberation Movement). Sudan was a dangerous place for children and after the death of his mother, Emmanuel decided to join the thousands of children travelling to Ethiopia who had been told that they could be educated there. However, Emmanuel was among the large number of children who were abducted by the SPLA and taken to military training camps in the bush in Ethiopia. When international aid agencies and UN representatives visited the camps, the children’s weapons and uniforms were taken away and they were given books to lend the appearance of a normal school.

Journey In The Desert

Emmanuel spent four years with the SPLA and by the time he was 8 years old he had learnt military strategy and weaponry and at the age of 9 he was taking part in major battles. Following the fall of Mongistu and the failure of Operation Jungle Storm, the 1991 SPLA assault on south Sudan’s capital Juba, Emmanuel trekked for hundreds of miles to join a rival rebel group in his home area of Upper Nile. He hoped that he would at least be able to be nearer his home.

Of the hundreds who set out, only a few survived the journey. Walking hundreds of miles across Sudan, many died of starvation, thirst and animal attacks and were forced to turn to cannibalism on the dead to survive. Emmanuel managed to survive on snails, birds and the vultures that one of his friends had shot.

Meeting Emma McCune

After several gruelling weeks Emmanuel arrived in Waat – the headquarters of a rebel breakaway SPLA faction. Here he met Emma McCune, a British aid worker who had famously married the rebel commander Riek Machar. Emma insisted that 11 year olds were far too young to serve as soldiers and adopted Emmanuel. At the time, he was one of the youngest soldiers in the army.

After becoming pregnant, Emma left for Nairobi and brought Emmanuel into Kenya with her. She smuggled him onto a plane, where he lay hidden in between the bags. When porters removed and loaded luggage he had to sneak in between the cargo and stay hidden. He managed to clear Nairobi airport this way as well.

Emmanuel spent some months with Emma in Nairobi, who was staying with her uncle at the time, and began school at the Sawa Sawa Academy. Tragically, Emma was killed in a road accident in Nairobi a few months later in 1993 and Emmanuel found himself abandoned once again, one of countless millions displace by Sudan’s civil war.

Deborah Scroggins, the winner of six national journalist awards for her reporting from Sudan and the Middle East, examines Emma’s inspiring story in the bestselling book Emma’s War (Vintage). The screenplay for the book (which will touch on Emma’s relationship with Emmanuel Jal) is currently being made into a film by Twentieth Century Fox, produced by Tony and Ridley Scott (Gladiator, Bladerunner), directed by Tony Scott (Top Gun) and starring Nicole Kidman in the lead role.

Returning To School

After Emma’s death, several of her friends helped Emmanuel to continue his education, and after a brief gap he started attending Tala Academy. He became an outstanding pupil and an upstanding member of the community. He completed part of his A Levels and Peter Moszynski (a close friend of Emma’s) helped him to apply for a place at the University of Westminster to study Engineering. Despite less than five years of formal education, Emmanuel secured a place and travelled to London. Unfortunately he had acquired a tourist visa and had to return to Nairobi where he was told it would be possible to get a student visa. This was not possible and he began school in Nairobi again at Brook House School, with Peter’s help, so that he could complete his A Levels.

Turning To Music

Emmanuel starting singing around 1998, after he had a religious vision that impelled him to begin using his voice to ease his situation. He began attending churches where he was encouraged to practice singing and with Mrs Mumo, who ran the children’s house in Nairobi where Emmanuel was living, he organised a series of fundraising concerts to raise money for local street children and refugees.

He became increasingly active in his local community church and formed several music groups, including his current gospel band, the Reborn Warriors. He went onto produce his own single, All We Need Is Jesus, which was a hit in Kenya and received airplay in the UK.

Emmanuel has since released his debut album, Gua, which was funded by Brook House School and Andrew and Jennifer Shand. Gua, meaning ‘good’ in Nuer and ‘power’ in Arabic, fused staccato rapping in Arabic, English, Kiswahil and Nuer. The title track, which was a Number 1 hit in Kenya and features on The Rough Guide To The Music Of Sudan, has been re-recorded for Ceasefire.

Ceasefire, Emmanuel’s collaborative album with Abdel Gadir Salim, a venerated Sudanese Moslem musician from the north, will be released in September 2005 and reflects the hope placed in the Sudanese peace treaty. Despite different musical traditions, Ceasefire draws out the common links between the different Sudanese artists, and there are plans for live tour dates.

Emmanuel is now the spokesperson for the Campaign to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers and performed in the winter of 2004 at a UN event in Switzerland to help create awareness for the plight of child soldiers. Today, he lives in an upmarket district of Nairobi and has been called ‘the hottest thing to hit Nairobi, and quite possibly the entire African music scene’ (Observer). He has been nominated for an American Gospel Music Award (www.agmawards.com), performed on a London Eye pod for Café Direct’s Flight 5065 (alongside Damon Albarn, Beth Orton and Turin Brakes) and has appeared at Africa Calling at the Eden Project in Cornwall as part of Live 8.